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Roman Numeral Converter

Convert numbers between Arabic decimals and Roman numerals with step-by-step mathematical additive/subtractive breakdown, history rules, and Vinculum overline support.

Quick Presets:

Converted Result

MMXXIV

Arabic 2,024 = MMXXIV

Characters: 6 symbols Standard Classical Roman

Step-by-Step Mathematical Evaluation

1 M

M = 1,000 +1,000

2 M

M = 1,000 +1,000

3 X

X = 10 +10

4 X

X = 10 +10

5 IV

IV = 4 +4

Total Sum = 2,024

Roman Numeral Notation Rules

X10

L50

C100

D500

M1,000

Subtractive Pairs: IV (4), IX (9), XL (40), XC (90), CD (400), CM (900).
Repetition Limit: Symbols I, X, C, M can be repeated at most 3 times consecutively (e.g. III = 3, but 4 is IV).
Non-Repeating: V, L, and D are never repeated.

Understanding your calculation

Method, example and limitations

How the calculation works

Roman numerals combine symbols additively and use certain subtractive pairs, such as IV for four and IX for nine.

Example to check

XIV is 10 + 4 = 14. MMXXIV represents 2024.

Before using the result

Conventional formatting has rules beyond adding symbol values. Very large values and historical variants may need notation outside the tool’s supported range.

Calculation methodology · Report a result that needs review